Vocal Approach to Transgender Individuals: The Journey Taken in Chile and Argentina

In recent years, there have been international references to the vocal approach for the specific group of transgender individuals, although the Latin American literature is still very timid on this matter. The purpose of this article is to identify the current norms, statistics, and vocal approach towards transgender individuals in Chile and Argentina, considering the experience of two speech and language pathologists with more than twenty years of experience on voice therapy. Reflections were made on the transgender reality in these countries, the limitations in the implementation of the depathologization of the transgender group were outlined, some current and unreliable statistics were presented, some innovative actions in the public system were highlighted, and the lack of knowledge about the benefits of vocal work for transgender men and women was discussed. The identified aspects could benefit from multicenter research that strengthens speech therapy actions with this group, contributing to depathologization and positive approach.

Desde los últimos años es posible encontrar referencias internacionales sobre el abordaje vocal al grupo específico de las personas transgénero, aunque la literatura latinoamericana sigue muy tímida en este asunto. La propuesta de este artículo es identificar las normas vigentes, estadísticas y abordaje vocal hacia las personas transgénero en Chile y Argentina, considerando la experiencia de dos fonoaudiólogas con más de veinte años de experiencia en terapia vocal. Se hicieron reflexiones sobre la realidad transgénero en los países citados, se delinearon las limitaciones en la puesta en práctica de la despatologización del grupo transgénero, se expusieron algunas estadísticas -vigentes y poco confiables-, se plasmaron algunas acciones novedosas en el sistema público y el desconocimiento sobre los beneficios del trabajo vocal en hombres y mujeres transgénero. Los aspectos detectados podrían beneficiarse de investigaciones multicéntricas que fortalezcan acciones fonoaudiológicas con este grupo, contribuyendo a la despatologización y el abordaje positivo.

Interseções entre socialização de gênero e violência contra a mulher por parceiro íntimo / Intersections between gender socialization and violence against women by the intimate partner

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é identificar interseções entre socialização de gênero e violência contra a mulher por parceiro íntimo. Trata-se de pesquisa quali tativa nos moldes da história de vida tópica. Participaram do estudo 16 mulheres que lavraram B.O em uma Delegacia de Defesa da Mulher de um município do interior paulista. Para as entrevistas, foi utilizado um roteiro semiestruturado que abordou as mulheres a partir de suas lembranças da infância, da dinâmica familiar, da união/casamento e da dinâmica familiar pós-união/casamento. O patriarcado enquanto ordem societária orientou a socialização dessas mulheres, que, por causa das relações de dominação do pai (patriarca) e orientadas pelo modelo de submissão das mães, buscaram liberdade em casamento/uniões precoces com companheiros que reproduziram o comportamento paterno. Tais contextos familiares podem tê-las influenciado na escolha de potenciais agressores. Os resultados demonstraram que a socialização de gênero reforça desigualdades entre os sexos e norteia os comportamentos de homens e mulheres, apontando assim para a importância de se problematizar esse tema em diferentes espaços, especialmente nos serviços de atenção primária à saúde, como forma de prevenir relações de violência contra a mulher por parceiro íntimo.

Abstract The scope of this article is to identify intersections between gender socialization and intimate partner violence against women. It involves qualitative research in the mold of the topical life story. The study included 16 women who filed a police report in a Police Station for the Defense of Women in a city in the interior of São Paulo. For the interviews a semi-structured script that examined women from their childhood memories, family dynamics, relationship/marriage and post-marriage/marriage family dynamics was used. The patriarchal system as a societal order underpinned the socialization of these women who, because of the father's domination relations (patriarchy) and guided by the mother's model of submission, sought freedom in marriage/early unions with partners who repeated paternal behavior. Such family contexts may have influenced them in choosing potential aggressors. The results revealed that gender socialization reinforces gender inequalities and influences the behavior of men and women, thus pointing out the importance of highlighting this problem in different areas, especially in primary health care services, as a way to prevent intimate partner violence against women.

Identidades de género bajo una perspectiva multifactorial: Elementos que delimitan la percepción de autoeficacia en hombres y mujeres / Multifactorial Gender Role Identity: Factors Related with Self-efficacy Perception between Men and Women

El concepto de autoeficacia se reconoce en la actualidad como una de las variables predictoras del cambio conducta y del mantenimiento de comportamientos que pueden ser benéficos en la salud. En un gran número de investigaciones en torno a la autoeficacia, se ha señalado que los hombres se perciben como más autoeficaces que las mujeres (Caprara et al. 2008; Durndell, Haag & Laithwaite, 2000; Meece, Bower Glienke & Burg, 2006; Zeldin & Pajares, 2000). Al respecto, se considera que estas diferencias se derivan de factores socioculturales como la identidad de género y el proceso de socialización (Pajares & Valiante, 2001), no obstante, tal relación ha sido poco explorada. El propósito de la presente investigación fue delimitar de qué forma los componentes de la identidad de género bajo una perspectiva multifactorial impactan en la percepción de autoeficacia de adultos de la ciudad de México. Se aplicó la escala de Autoeficacia de Sherer et al., (1982) y el Inventario Multifactorial de Identidad de Género (Rocha, 2004). Los resultados sugieren patrones de relación diferenciales, bajo los cuales existen rasgos, roles, creencias y actitudes que se asocian directamente a una menor percepción de autoeficacia tanto en hombres como en mujeres. Los resultados son discutidos desde la implicación que tiene la socialización tradicional y la transición en los roles y rasgos identitarios en hombres y mujeres sobre su autoeficacia.

The concept of self-efficacy is receiving increasing recognition as a predictor of health behavior change and maintenance. Most of the research about self-efficacy and gender suggest that men are more self-confident that women (Caprara et al. 2008; Durndell, Haag & Laithwaite, 2000; Meece, Bower Glienke & Burg, 2006; Zeldin & Pajares, 2000). Some researchers have suggested that gender differences in self efficacy stem from sociocultural factors as gender identity and socialization process (Pajares & Valiante, 2001) however that relationship has not been explored. This study is aimed to investigate how gender role identity from multifactorial perspective, impacts the perception of self-efficacy between both sexes in Mexico City. We used the Self-Efficacy Scale of Sherer et al., (1982) and the Multifactorial Gender Role Inventory of Rocha (2004). The results suggest that there are some differential paths of relationship between both variables; there are some gender roles, traits, attitudes and beliefs that are more related with a high perception of self-efficacy in both sexes. The results are discussed from effects of traditional gender socialization and also from effects of transitional gender role identity in men and women's perception of self-efficacy.